In Naming and Necessity Saul Kripke offers a number of arguments in order to show that no descriptivist theory of proper names is correct. Descriptivist theory of names Descriptivist theory of names is a view of the nature of the meaning and reference of proper names generally attributed to Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell. According to the descriptivist theory of meaning, there is a description of the sense of proper names, and that description, like a definition, "picks out" the bearer of the name. From Wikipedia These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. The causal-historical view's key notion is that of the passing on of reference from one person to another. Suppose there is a group of people who do not know anything of the English author Shakespeare except the name and that he is the author of \Romeo and Juliet". The theory consists essentially in the idea that the meanings (semantic contents) of names are identical to the descriptions associated with them by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these . Defenders of these two theories seem to discredit each other, thinking the world of semantics must choose one or the other. The Damp Spoon Syndrome- new forms arise from sheer laziness, like dipping a damp spoon back into sugar. The Cambridge Grammar of English distinguishes the syntactic category of proper name from that of proper noun (Payne & Huddleston 2002: 516). two competing answers: (1) the descriptivist theory, and (2) the causal theory. 4 Against (3) According to (3), "if most of the ˚s, suitably weighted, are satisfied by a unique object y, then y is the referent of the name for the speaker." (p. 83). It introduces a meta‐identifying rule that can establish a cluster's main descriptions and explain how they must be satisfied in order to allow the application of a proper name. Before whether Russell's theory of names is at all defensible or not, it can be good idea to understand what descriptivist theory is according . Unbeknownst to this group of In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these The evidence provided in support of PT and MT, having to do with determiner-name pairs, morphologically inflected names, or naming constructions, is in turn alleged to entail a descriptivist treatment of names in designative position, such as 'Kennedy' in ing of proper names: descriptivist theories and causal-historical theories. The descriptive theory and its merits []. Individual Descriptivist Theory of Reference Definite descriptions fix reference A definite description is a denoting phrase that picks out a specific singular object Theory 1. ing Kripke's theory descriptivist at heart (Searle 310). Descriptivist theory There are four things wrong with the crude (read "Kripke's") account of descriptivism: 1. In his criticism of the description theory of proper names, Kripke distinguishes between the description theory regarded as a meaning theory and as a reference theory (Kripke 1980: 32 f., 53 f. and 59).The description theory, considered as a meaning theory, claims that descriptions give the meaning of proper names so that proper names are synonymous with them. The descriptivist view of proper names = Russell believes that names are quantifiers. The theories are Burge's treatment of proper names as complex demonstratives and Larson and Segal's quasi-descriptivist account of names. The description is believed by the individual to be true of what the name names 3. As such it presents particular challenges for theories of meaning, and it has become a central problem in analytic philosophy.The common-sense view was originally formulated by . This paper presents an original semantic theory of proper names that aims to cover both non-empty and empty proper names. He seeks to replace it with an alternative theory about how reference is determined. Explain the difference in focus (individual vs community) that lies behind the two approaches. descriptivist account of language. We present here a certain version of descriptivist theory -we will characterize it as an individual-use reference-fixing descriptivist theory that appeals to descriptions regarding how a name is used by other speakers. Searle claims that the historical account is descriptivist, though there are some differences between the descriptivist theory and the causal "theory": (1) the causal chain is incidental to the descriptivist account, (2) much more than just the use of the name's intention gets transferred, and (3) causal changes only matter insofar as . A question about unwanted necessity as a problem for descriptivist theory of proper names. The paper further describes the role of the proposed content of (empty) proper names within . WikiMatrix Putnam, along with Saul Kripke, Keith Donnellan, and others, contributed to what is known as the causal theory of reference . Dramatism focuses on the role of the critic and their responsibility of uncovering a speaker's motives. According to descriptivist theories (Frege 1892; Russell 1905; Searle 1958), proper names have definite descriptions as their meaning. In the case of This content provides the referent (if there is one) for which the proper name stands. Now, after arguing against descriptivism, Kripke seeks to replace only its second component, namely the descriptivist theory of reference. For instance, the name ÒGeorge W. BushÓ would be interchangeable with, Òthe President of the metalinguistically oriented expressions involving 'the name itself'. Kripke formally states a number of theses as the core of the descriptivist theory, with these theses explaining the theory in . It thus stands opposed to the theory of direct reference. Necessity of identity Descriptivist theory of names Causal theory of reference Rigid designator Modality Necessity Kripke, Saul A. The descriptivist theory of names points out the meaning of a name is similar to the attributes of the objects described by the speaker. Kripke sets out what he believes to be the tenets of the descriptivist theory . I can understand someone who advocates a description theory of names being called a Descriptivist, but to then call the theory advocated by a Descriptivist a Descriptivist theory creates a circular definition, and surely if there is any point to Philosophy at all it is to stop us falling into such traps! Jean Aitchison (descriptivist) The crumbling Castle- view that the English is like a stately home and should be preserved (she argues- change is constant, when was the perfect castle in existence?) Question: Kripke further elaborates his argument using the non-circularity condition (C); what kind of response is he trying to counter? given a descriptivist answer that only strengthens Kripke's point against such theories. Descriptivist theory of names. Fruits of the Causal Theory of Reference Scott Soames The causal theory of reference arose from Saul Kripke's attack in Naming and Necessity on descriptivist analyses of proper names. Having rejected the descriptivist theory and reiterated that names are rigid designators, Kripke proceeds to claim that identity statements involving names are in fact necessary, not contingent. 2.1 Descriptivist Theories According to descriptivist theories of proper names, a particular use of a proper name refers when the descriptive content somehow associated with that use suffices to pick out a specific object or individual. A simple descriptivist theory of names can be thought of as follows: for every proper name p, there is some collection of descriptions D associated with p that constitute the meaning of p. For example, the descriptivist may hold that the proper name Saul Kripke is synonymous with the collection of descriptions such as "the man who wrote Naming . Descriptivist theory of names in philosophy, a view of the nature of meaning and reference generally attributed to Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell; Linguistic descriptivism, the practice of objectively analysing and describing how language is spoken; Theory of descriptions. This paper proposes a new, stronger version of the cluster theory of proper names. Russell's descriptivist theory of names still holds a large degree of influence in analytical philosophy however. It has been disputed, however, whether a descriptivist theory can be applied on proper names. At the same time, it preserves some main insights of the causal‐historical view. The most obvious alternative to descriptivist theories of proper names is the theory that the meaning of a proper name is simply its referent. Understanding when these differences emerge in development will help us understand their origins. It is concluded that neither theory is fully confirmed or . This view opposed Descriptivist theory of natural-kind terms which associated each such term with a descriptive stereotype. The two theories are evaluated for empirical plausibility. the teacher of Alexander, the best student of Plato et cetera. The two theories are evaluated for empirical plausibility. Data from deficits, processing models, developmental studies and syntax are all discussed. The view was very widely held in the middle of . Syntax. A simple descriptivist theory of names can be thought of as follows: for every proper name p, there is some collection of descriptions D associated with p that constitute the meaning of p. For example, the descriptivist may hold that the proper name Saul Kripke is synonymous with the collection of descriptions such as Kripke noted the connection between his arguments and Millianism, but he did not endorse that theory. senses) are obviously different, the name refers to the same thing in all worlds, description does not have to. 2. Data from deficits, processing models, developmental studies and syntax are all discussed. Source: Wikipedia. According to the theory, proper names have simple assignable hyperintensions as their content. His target was the view that, like most meaningful expressions, proper names express concepts that determine their extensions. In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions. Russell looks to break everything down into more atomistic pieces in a search for truth. According to descriptivist theories, proper names either are synonymous with descriptions, or have their reference determined by virtue of the name's being associated with a description or cluster of descriptions that an object uniquely satisfies. It is assumed especially in the way philosophers talk about existence. The world of semantics is dominated by two types of naming theories: descriptivist and causal. and names, and argues that this relationship instantiates a descriptivist theory of reference of names in the philosophy of language, with concluding particulars that critically espouses the values and virtues embedded in selected Yorùbá proverbs and names. According to descriptivist theories (Frege 1892; Russell 1905; Searle 1958), proper names have definite descriptions as their meaning. Sinn and bedeutung are usually translated, respectively, as sense and reference.Two different aspects of some terms' meanings, a term's reference is the object to which the term refers, while the term's sense is the way that the term refers to that object. Sinn and bedeutung were introduced by German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in his 1892 paper "Über Sinn und Bedeutung" ("On . His argument is: Premise 1: If proper names refer through descriptive content, then proper names have descriptive content. In this theory, Burke discusses two important ideas - that life IS drama, and that the ultimate motive of rhetoric is the purging of guilt. A 1970 Princeton lecture series, published in book form in 1980 as Naming and Necessity, is considered one of the most important philosophical works of the twentieth century. . World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. The descriptivist answer was that names are connected with their referents via a process of association: speakers associate the names with certain properties (in the form of a description), and the name refers to whatever object in the world has those properties. The text of the questionnaire is given below. Conseq uently, Searle's reply to Kripke's Gödel example mis-understands the implications of this example for the descriptivist theory, and Searle fails to give an adequate reply. Descriptivist Theory Of Names - Kripke's Objections and The Causal TheoryIn his book Naming and Necessity, Saul Kripke struck several powerful blows against the descriptivist theory . (1980). In the present study, we investigate the referential intuitions of English- … I, however, do not believe this has to be the case. 1. Rejecting descriptivism, Saul Kripke and Keith Donnellan instead . In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these. It is essential for an object to fit the description (or most of the The descriptivist theory says that the sense of a name is its referent, whereas the sense of a description is its intension (a function from possible worlds to referents it describes in them). In lectures later published as Naming and Necessity, Kripke provided a rough outline of his causal theory of reference for names. Hi, r/askphilosophy! A descriptivist theory of proper names is a theory that holds that a name has an associated descrip tion or cluster of descriptions which is synonymous with the name or, on same versions of the descriptivist theory, it at least determines the name's reference. In the mid-20th century, the most significant philosophical theory about the nature of names and naming was a theory of Gottlob Frege's that had been developed by Bertrand Russell, the descriptivist theory of names, which was sometimes known as the 'Frege-Russell description theory'. Searle finds both labels misleading. Three main positions are inspected: the logicist position, as exemplified by formal semantics and a neo-Russellian descriptivist theory of names, the direct reference position, as exemplified by Putnam and Kripke's causal theory of reference, and a neo-Wittgensteinian position that views the Semantic Web as yet an-other public language. Hence (1) and (2) (1) Aristotle is Aristotle (2) Aristotle is the teacher of Alexander the Great 1 Contrary to what the label might suggest, Costa's 'meta-descriptivist theory of proper names . Premise 2: If pr oper names do no t refer through descrip tive content, then proper names have a baptism. This chapter presents the notion of a "possible world." In an argument against description . The theory differs from the direct reference theory in that it does not present connotations (Rehman, 2017). Hence (1) and (2) (1) Aristotle is Aristotle (2) Aristotle is the teacher of Alexander the Great 1 Contrary to what the label might suggest, Costa's 'meta-descriptivist theory of proper names . names, the other consonant with the descriptivist theory of names. Its most famous advocate is the mathematician and philosopher Gottlob Frege. The General Nature of Proverbs In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) [1] is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions. For instance, when someone utters the description, "the person who was a student of Socrates," we immediately think of Plato. A META‐DESCRIPTIVIST THEORY OF PROPER NAMES A META‐DESCRIPTIVIST THEORY OF PROPER NAMES Costa, Claudio F. 2011-09-01 00:00:00 This paper proposes a new, stronger version of the cluster theory of proper names. Kripke argued that they are more like names: semantically they are rigid; each refers to the same natural kind every world in which that kind has membership, and some version of causal-historical theory also applies. proper names are determined by associated descriptions) the descriptivist theory of reference. A proper noun is a word-level unit of the category noun, while a proper name is a type of noun phrase.So, for example, the proper name "Alice Walker" consists of two proper nouns: "Alice" and "Walker". Descriptivism involves observing and analyzing, without passing too much judgment, the habits and practices within speech communities, focusing on language users and uses without attempting to get them to modify their language according to standards external to the language itself. In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions On the semantics of proper names. Descriptivist theory of names is a view of the nature of the meaning and reference of proper names generally attributed to Gottob Frege and Bertrand russell. Pages: 51. The same can be said for the descriptivist theory of language-he defines language in terms of its descriptive capacity. Chapters: Number names, Eponym, Proper name, Filename extension, Nomenclature, Common name, Code name, Descriptivist theory of names . Descriptive theory of names: lt;p|>||||| |Descriptivist theory of names| is a view of the nature of the meaning and reference . I want to avoid that so I'm seeking your help. I'm currently writing an essay, and as I'm writing there is a particular way I want to phrase something however there's a chance I may have grasped it incorrectly. The idea is that a proper name can refer to a person only via the descriptive properties that users of the name associate with it. The world of semantics is dominated by two types of naming theories: descriptivist and causal. This theory is commonly attributed to John Stuart Mill. Defenders of these two theories seem to discredit each other, thinking the world of semantics must choose one or the other. We present here a certain version of descriptivist theory -we will characterize it as an individual-use reference-fixing descriptivist theory that appeals to descriptions regarding how a name is used by other speakers. book with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these . A simple descriptivist theory of names can be thought of as follows: for every proper name p, there is some collection of descriptions D associated with p that constitute the meaning of p. For example, the descriptivist may hold that the proper name Saul Kripke is synonymous with the collection of descriptions such as A simple descriptivist theory of names can be thought of as follows: for every proper name p, there is some collection of descriptions D associated with p that constitute the meaning of p.For example, the descriptivist may hold that the proper name Saul Kripke is synonymous with the collection of descriptions such as Sometimes called the Frege-Russell view. The idea is that a proper name can refer to a person only via the descriptive properties that users of the name associate with it. Russell argued that most names have some descriptive meanings, e.g., "Princess Celestia" can be descriptively understood as "The benevolent ruler of Equestria". It need not hold that proper names must be analyzed exclusively in general terms. For each individual user and each name there is a single definite description 2. In his book Naming and Necessity, Saul Kripke criticised the descriptivist theory. The descriptivist theory argues that proper names are associated with clusters of descriptions, whether they be definite or not. The distinction between sense and reference was an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892, reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term may have meaning.The reference (or "referent", German: Bedeutung)) of a proper name is the object it means or indicates (bedeuten), its sense is what the name expresses.The reference of a sentence is its truth value . In Naming and Necessity Saul Kripke offers a number of arguments in order to show that no descriptivist theory of proper names is correct. ing of proper names: descriptivist theories and causal-historical theories. Names must be analyzed exclusively in general terms and philosopher Gottlob Frege user and each name there a. 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